Effect of Temperature on Water Properties

Effect of Temperature on Water Properties Life is inseparable from water. This dependence of life on water can be attributed to the unique properties of water, water is directly intimately involved in all details of animal physiology but because it is so common, water is often regarded with indifference as an inert space, filter in living system. The special properties of water are so important to life stem directly from its molecular structure. Therefore it is important that we should begin by understanding its molecular structure. Not only that water is also a driving force of all living organisms, hence the saying â€Å"water is life, conserve it.† MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF WATER The shape of water and of all organic molecules is necessary to the structure and functional roles they playin living organisms, for example, hormones having specific shapes that allow them to be recognized by the cells in the body. We can stay well only when the antibiotics combine with disease- causing agents like a key fits into a lock, similarly homeostasis is only maintained when enzymes have the proper shape to carry out their particular reactions in cells. The shape of a water molecule and its polarity makes hydrogen bonding possible. Water’s shape also enables it to support life as shown below Water has several functions due to its unique properties that make it vital to living organisms. The following are some of the properties of water which can either be physical or chemical and its significance to living organisms. Water is said to be; UNIVERSAL SOLVENT Water is said to be an excellent universal solvent for polar substances like salts which contains charged particles, as shown below; From the diagram above of a salt molecule it can be seen that water is able to surround a salt molecule, which makes it to be dissolved by a water molecule, hence the reason for water being a universal solvent that is enabling it to dissolve nutrients in other living organisms, also water being a universal solvent means that more substances both organic and inorganic are dissolved in water than in any other solvent. For this reason water is rarely pure, being almost always in solution containing dissolved substances. (Lacksonetal 1995:14) Hence because of water being a universal solvent it plays an important role in living organisms, it is suitable for life in which diffusion and osmosis occur easily, that is it helps in the diffusion of gases to facilitate gaseous exchange in insects as well as in fish which usually uses oxygen that has dissolved in water. Aquatic organisms such as fish, amoeba and so on benefit from water by making use of the dissolved oxygen in water for their respiration. Water also acts as a transport medium as in the blood, lymphatic and excretory systems, such as in the removal of water products in the body such as urine, as well as in the alimentary canal of a living organism and in the xylem to transport mineral salts in plants and in the phloem to transport manufactured food. It is also an important solvent in which most of the bodily solute are dissolved, it also plays an important part in metabolism processes as well as helping organisms to transport nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. The tendency of water to cause amphipathic molecules to form in cells is important in the formation of biological membranes in living cells and may have provided the basis for the first cell-like organisms of living system in the organic-rich shallow seas in which the beginning of life is believed to have undergone its first stages (Eckert and Randi 1978:20) DENSITY AND FREEZING PROPERTIES OF WATER When we consider this property of water having less density when in solid state (ice) than liquid water which has a maximum density at a temperature of 40c we see that ice tends to float on water. When water is cooled to form ice the hydrogen bonds become more rigid but also more open causing water to expand thus increasing in volume. This reason explains why a cans containing water bursts when placed in a freezer for a long period of time. It is generally observed that matter expands upon heating hence the behavior of water to expand when heated is sometimes referred to as â€Å"the abnormal behavior of water.† The ability of ice to float on water prevents the whole body of water (ponds, rivers, lakes and oceans) from freezing solid because it acts as in insulator on the water surface, as a result this property of water protects aquatic organisms and enables them to survive through the winter. HIGH HEAT CAPACITY Heat capacity is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance by 1oc. water is said to have a high heat capacity because water has the ability to retain a good amount of energy with only a little fluctuation in its own temperature. This means that for water to have a change in its temperature it requires a lot of energy. This property of water is important not only to aquatic life but for all living organisms because the temperature of water rises and falls slowly organisms are better able to maintain their normal internal temperature and are protected from rapid temperature changes. COHESIVE AND ADHESIEVE Cohesion refers to the ability of water molecules to cling to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding. Because of cohesion, water exists as a liquid under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. Cohesion in water contributes to the transport of water in plants living because water molecules are strongly attracted to each other, and its surface tension makes it possible for water striders, a common insect to walk on the surface of a pond (Mader 2010:29) Furthermore, high surface tension and cohesion are also important properties of water which makes water molecules to stick together. The high surface tension or cohesion of water molecules is important in cells and many organisms such as insects which rely on surface tension to settle on water. Below is a diagram illustrating the structure of water that makes it cling to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding. ÃŽ ´+ H H ÃŽ ´+ ÃŽ ´+ H O †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦. H O 2ÃŽ ´ 2ÃŽ ´ ÃŽ ´+ Hydrogen bond Key: ÃŽ ´+ : slightly positively charged H : Hydrogen atom ÃŽ ´ : slightly negatively charged O : Oxygen atom Taylor etal(1997:37) HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION High heat of vaporization is also another important property of water. Latent heat of vaporization is the measure of the heat energy required to vaporize a liquid- that is the energy needed to overcome the attractive forces between its molecules that they can escape as a gas. The energy transferred to water molecules to allow them to vaporize results in the loss of energy from surrounding that is cooling taking place. As a result this property is made use of in the cooling of the temperature of living organisms through sweating and panting. It can be concluded that the properties of water are vital to all living organisms and it plays important roles by ensuring that living organisms survive. It can be seen that the properties of water outlined in this discussion have a direct link to the survival of living organisms and that without water life on earth as we know would not exist. Therefore water is life conserve it. REFERENCES Berner E. eatal (1987), The global water cycle.  prentice- Hall inc: New Jersey. Eckert and Rand (1978), Animal physiology 2nd edition.  C.B.S publishers: New Delhi. Raven J. (2000), Science of biology.  Cambridge university press: New York Silver Mader .S. (2010), Biology 10th edition  McCraw Hill Companies: New York. Taylor DJ.T. etal (1997), Biological Science 1st and 2nd edition.  Cambridge University press: New York.

The Way We Were :: American America History

The Way We Were As you listen to the news, radio, or read a newspaper, you notice one thing in common after the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City--unity. New Yorkers have known to be "hard-ass'" and the rudest people you'll ever meet. Self-indulged in their own world, they knocked people down who stood between them and the next step ahead of them. We, as Americans, felt the effect of the destruction all over the nation, although it didn't happen in our hometown. Most people either knew someone, or knew someone who knew of someone that worked in the WTC building or were on those flights. Not until our safety was raped from us did we stop to unite, as a country, to help those in need. America is known as "the land of opportunities." Therefore, we are taught that to obtain our cultural goals, we must try to achieve them by almost any means necessary. America was a very self-absorbed country. For instance, look at the 80's, that era named "the era of greed." We're a very wealthy country; with wealth comes greed. We like to keep money in our pockets at all times--meaning we always want to have money. Everywhere you look now, there it is, the American flag: our symbol of pride. "One nation, under God with liberty and justice for all." We have become united as a nation. The American Red Cross has raised millions of dollars with the help of normal, everyday citizens. Celebrities have joined together and held telethons to raise millions of dollars also. The American flag has been in such high demands all over the country that they're almost impossible to find in stores. From car washes to simple donation buckets in supermarkets, everywhere you go people are contributing. Before the 9/11 attacks, one would never have doubts about who's on the same flight as you, or feeling compelled to wash your hands after touching the mail. We took for granted what most people don't have--freedom. The freedom to walk down the street without the fear of seeing a terrorist act and living without the fears of being on a national heighted security alert for more terrorist attacks. Hell, we're "the land of the free," or perhaps we took for granted that we really were. Because of these attacks, many people are having second thought about doing many everyday things.

Credentials vs. Skills

Credentials vs. Skills vs. Talent Credentials Most people in the world of work are looking for credentials. They're the gates that people pass in order to appear better to others. Some put a lot of effort and money into getting these. Credentials can pay off because they're good at fooling (most) people. Credentials is one reason we got into the financial mess we did. Investments got rated triple-A when they were really Junk. People trusted the ratings agencies, so these investments got called â€Å"safe. † In other words, credentials are for those that don't know how to Judge quality. Sometimes they're right, sometimes they're wrong.They exist because the modern world is complicated, and we can't be experts as everything. Skills Skills are why I love the web. They're hard to show off, because they need to be seen in person. (If they're talked about instead of seen, they become credentials! ) But on the web, you can prove that you know what you're talking about by Just doing i t. Skills often pass off as talent, because people like to believe the myth of the â€Å"overnight success. † They might think you were born with it, and you can let them believe that. But most people can develop the equivalent of talent by working hard and developing the skills instead.In fact, with hard work, skills supersede talent. This is where I think most people need to work at. Talent Talent is unprocurable. If you have it, it shows, but most people still need the evidence (e credentials) to get you where you need to go. If you don't have it, you can't get it- but don't worry. It's likely that everyone around you that you think has talent probably has skills instead. So don't feel left out. 🙂 The Pyramid If you have talent, you can sometimes get away with not developing the skills. If you don't have the talent, you can work to develop the skills that you want or have instead, and you'll end up in a great spot. Learning to work hard is the first step. ) If you don't have anything else, then you need the credentials. Otherwise, you might be able to skip them. In fact, I recommend it. Most people say they need the credentials because they need evidence. That can be true, but it will always be the long way around. Credentials make you pass through far too many hoops- consider how long it took you to graduate high school vs†¦ How long you would have needed if you were doing it on your own time. Credentials vs†¦ Skills

American Desecration or Legal Articulation - 693 Words

According to Landmark cases of the U.S Supreme Court, in 1984 a gentleman by the name of Gregory Lee Johnson was charged with desecrating a greatly respected object (the American Flag). His Sentence consisted of one year in prison and a $2,000 fine. Johnson was not happy with this ruling and appealed his case with two further Texas courts. Johnson’s second appeal to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which is the highest court in Texas that hears criminal cases, overturned his conviction, saying that the State, consistent with the First Amendment, could not punish Johnson for burning the flag in these circumstances (http://www.streetlaw.org/en/Page/674/Background_summary__questions_). . Cornell University Law School defines the First Amendment as follows: The First Amendment of the United States Constitution is important for the common good so that all American citizens are able to express him/her in a way that he/she each sees fit and upholds the integrity of each personâ €™s individual personality and individuality. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals decision in Johnson’s favor benefits the interests of all by protecting the first amendment right. In the case of Texas V. Johnson, I rule in favor of Johnson for the following reasons: Freedom of speech, protecting individual rights from government interference, and protecting individual rights from state interference. The first reason I rule in favor of Johnson in this case is because of the First Amendment toShow MoreRelatedBogen (1983) States That The Main Specify Of The Right1532 Words   |  7 PagesBogen (1983) states that the main specify of the right to freedom of speech in the essential sanction of any province before the American Revolution alluded to the privileges of administrators amid sessions of the lawmaking body. The significance given the term in this restricted setting affected its importance when connected to the entire society. The improvement of parliamentary benefit exhibits an acknowledgment in early America of the connection amongst discourse and the political procedure and